Common Weed Argemone mexicana as a Medicinal Jackpot:
An Overview
Thakare Santosh Kishor*, Suryawanshi Vaishnavi Rajendra, Suryawanshi Saurabh Rajaram, Dode Raj Hemant, Deore Gaurav Shailesh
Swami Vivekananda Sanstha’s, Institute of Pharmacy (B.Pharm),
Mungase, Tal. Malegaon, Dist. Nashik – 423201.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: santoshthakare72996@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
A Mexicana is weed belonging to papaveraceae family with great medicinal value. The present work gives a review to explore more about its chemical constituent and their pharmacological action. The plant A. mexicana have various pharmacological actions such as anticancer, antifertility, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and many more the chemical constituent alkaloid, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids responsible for this pharmacological action.
KEYWORDS: Argemone mexicana, Berberine, Anti-inflammatory, Antifungal, Wound healer, Antidote.
INTRODUCTION:
On this earth there is not a single plant without any medicinal importance. Nature always helps human to cure and control various kinds of disease, disorder and human ailments.1 The phytochemical present in plants helps to give pharmacological action. India is the country of plants having medicinal value. In our Ayurveda, natural constituents are used to cure disease and ailments.2 In past there are many weeds, herbs, shrubs and plants were considered as useless, because the proper information about their phytoconstituents and pharmacological action was not known. The purpose of these study is to provide advanced information about the commonly found weed with great medicinal importance i.e. Argemone mexicana, which is commonly known as prickly poppy.3
Argenone mexicana is erect prickly annual herb which grows about 1m height, the leaves are nearly 5-11cm long with presence of spines all over lamina. The flower is yellow in color without any odor which is about 3-5cm in diameter and present at terminal positions. The fruits are hollow capsule egg shaped with the presence of spines about 3-4cm long.4 The seeds are spherical, glossy, black and with rough surface (pitted).
Figure 1. The Argemone mexicana plant
The plant is native to Mexico, nowadays it is naturalized throughout the world. Mostly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Including Mexico, south- eastern America, carribbea, South America, Florida, Bangladesh, West Africa, Ethiopia, India and many more.5 It occurs as weed everywhere in India. The plant Argemone mexicana mostly grown in sandy, well-drained and soil having alkaline pH. It found in wide range of habitat including crop areas, ditch banks and waste places. It is reproduced by seeds. A. Mexicana is a common weed in vegetables, legumes, tobacco and other annual crops.6
ARGEMONE MEXICANA:
CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Sub phylum: Angiosperm.
Class: Dicotyledones
Order: Papavarales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Argemone
Species: Mexicana
Botanical Name: Argemone Mexicana
Common Names:
Prickly poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, shailkanta, satyanashi, daturi, darudi, dhotra, brahmnandandi, pitopushpa, swarnakshiri, kantankaittiri, yellow poppy bilayat, etc7
Chemical Constituents:
The A. Mexicana contains various phytochemicals such as berberine, dehydrocoryldalmine, (+) Argenaxine, (+) Hingenamine, oxyberberine, N-Demethyloxy sanguinorine, Pancorite, 6-Acetonyl Dihydrocherythrine, Angoline, beta Amyrin, Cysteine, Phenylanamine, Glucopynoside, beta Sitostero, Dihydropalmatine hydrochloride, etc which provide it medicinal importance.8
Table 1: Chemical constituents and their pharmacological action
|
Sr. No |
Chemical Constituent |
Pharmacological Action |
|
1 |
Berberine |
Anti-fertility action, Anti-malarial action, Anticancer. |
|
2 |
Dehydrocorydalmine |
Antifungal action |
|
3 |
Dihydro cherithrine |
Cytotoxicity |
|
4 |
Sanguinorine |
Mollucicidal action |
|
5 |
Beta amyrin |
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action |
|
6 |
Cysteine |
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action |
|
7 |
Phenylalanine |
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action |
|
8 |
Argenaxine |
Cytotoxic action |
|
9 |
Higenamine |
Cytotoxic action |
|
10 |
Oxyberberine |
Antifungal activity |
|
11 |
Pancorite |
Cytotoxic action |
|
12 |
Angeoline |
Cytotoxic action |
|
13 |
6-Acetonyl Dihydrocherythrine |
Anti-HIV action |
|
14 |
Dihydropalmatine hydrochloride, |
Anti-fertility action |
Figure 2. Berberine
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:
Figure 3 : Diagrammatic presentation of pharmacological activity of A. mexicana
1. Wound healing:
The leaves extract of A.mexicana shows wound healing activity. These wound healing activity of A.mexicana was studied by various scientist by using wistar albino rat (200-250gm) and the test extract also compared with standard. The resuit shows that the methanolic extract of A. mexicana acceralate wound healing activity in rats.9
2. Antidiabetic activity:
Aqueous extract of aerial parts of A.mexicana reported as hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rat. That shows decreases in a blood glucose level, urea concentration in plasma, decrease in creatinine, triglyceraldehyde, cholesterol level and helps to weight loss in diabetic control rats. The hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial parts also shows decrease in fasting glucose level and shows antidiabetic effect. Experimental results also show that the extract dosage of 400mg/kg body weight has effective hypoglycemic activity in comparison with standard drug metformine at a dose 300mg/kg body weight. Thus the extract of A.mexicana have antidiabetic potential.10 11
3. Antibacterial activity:
Crude plant extract of A.mexicana shows antibacterial potential. The crude extract of the steam tested against food borne gram positive as well as gram nrgative bacteria such as bacillus subtills , staphylococcus aureus, clostridium botulinium, clostidium perfringens , escheria col, pseudomonas aerrugle and salmonella typhium. Thes study shows that presence of antibacterial constituents in plant found to be usefull against bacterial infections. The inhibition of bacterial growth can be attributed by antioxidant present in the plant extract.13
4. Antimalarial activity;
The compound isolated from A.mexicana shows action against plasmodium falciparum. The compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds as tannins, saponin shows biological action as like mechanism of cyclooxygenase 1and 2 (cox-1 and cox-2) which shows antimalarial effect and decrease fever.14
5. Antioxidants activity:
The methanolic extract of flower shows scavenging activity and free radical inhibition of total antioxidants, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide in dose dependent manner. The various extract of A. Mexicana leaves also exhibit scavenging activity of free radicals. The acetone extract was most powerful.15
6. Hepato-protective activity:
The aqueous extract shows great hepato protective action CCl4–induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats by orally administered extract. The extract also decrease the level of plasma aspartase transaminase, alanine, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate level while it also shows the reduced in amount of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin which is tested over different dosage of 125,250,500mg/kg by body weight.16,17
7. Anti-inflammatory:
The ethanolic extract of A.mexicana leaves shows promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. A.Mexicana extract is able to show significant anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic activity in both rat and mice the active constituent isorhamnetine-3-o-beta-d-glucopyanoside, beta amyrin, cysteine, phenylalanine are likely responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract.18,19
8. Anti-stress and Anti-allergic:
The polar extact aqueous and methanolic of A.mexicana stems exert anti allergic as well as anti stress activity in the case of asthma developed by milk induced leukocytosis and milk induced eosinophilia at a dose of 50mg/kg i.p. in mice mode. Both extract shows remarkable decrease in leucocytes and eosinophills 20,21,22.
9. Vasoconstrictor and Vasodilator effects:
The vascular effect of methanollic extract of the aerial parts of A. mexicana found in rat aortic rigs; when the contraction induced by norepinephrine than the test sample shows dilation in dose dependent manner. The experimental results demonstrated that the plant extract is capable to increase direct and dual specific effect on the vascular smooth muscle, by adrenergic receptor.23,24,25
10. Antifertility Activity:
The presence of isoquinoline alkaloids, dihydropalmatine hydroxide, berberine, protopine which are occur seeds of Argemone mexicana. And the inhibitory activity against spermatogenesis in dogs at the stage XII of late spermatid at dose 30mg/kg administered for 70 days.26 There is decreased in spermatids was found. Also the total number of mature leydig cells were also decreased. The A. mexicana shows antifertility activity boldly.27,28
11. Antifugal activity
A.mexicana extract found as fungicidal against various fungus species. The latex of plant shows toxicity against michophyllum mentagrophytes.29 The leaves extract was found to showing significant fungitoxic activity against some fruit pathogens like alternaria alternala, dresschelera halodes, etc.and also used for die-back disease the pathogen curvularia tuberculata.30 The extract of A. mexicana can be used for the commercial preparations of antifungal cream.31
12. Anticancer activity:
The extract of A.mexicana with ethanol was reported to show inhibitory potential against human cancer cells such as HeLa-B75, HL-60, PN-15.32 Also the extractof leaves against HeLa and MCF-7 cancerline with IC50 values ranging from 1.35 to 1.20 microgram /microliter.33 The studies also proved that A. Mexicana act cytotoxic action by apoptoitic rather than necrosis and these may observed due to presence of flavonoids in the leaves of A. mexicana.34
13. Anti-HIV Activity:
Presence of benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloid, 6-acetonyl dihydrochelerytrine isolated from metanolic extract of air dried whole plants of A. Mexicana and found that A. mexicana have potent anti-HIV activity in Hg lymphocytes assay with EC50 value of 1.77microgram/mililiter.35
14. Nematicidal Activity:
The oil of A. mexicana seeds found to active against killing meloidogyne inconginita larvae in 17 min. the researchers found that the reduction of nematode infections root gally, root protein content and nematodes population soil.36 The report of various researchers states that the plant extract are capable of lowering nematode population in soil and larvae were found in immobilized state in 24 hours.37 Some reports also stated that by juvenile mortality of M. juvenica is caused by different extract of A. Mexicana leaves. It also reduce penetration of nematodes juvenile in chick pea and shows effective nematicidal effectiveness.38
15. Others:
A.mexicana extract shows various biological activities such as cytotoxic, antifeedant, mollucidal, larvicidal, antihelmentic, insecticide, lousicidal and many more activities which are helpful for the humans to cure disease in better way..39
MEDICINAL IMPORTANTS:
The seed sap and its oil shows the medicinal importance in some cases the entire plant is used as blend to cure asthma.40
The root is mixed with rum to obtained relief from stomach pain.
The end stem are useful for curing tooth pain.
In African region these plant is used as cosmetic.41
In India, the small quantity of seeds is mixed with mustard to increase its pungent activity but this considered as adulteration.42
In Madhya Pradesh it is used in homeopathic preparations.
The mixture of petals is given to kids suffering from nocturia.43
The different parts of weeds passes various biological and pharmacological activity.44
CONCLUSION:
Medicinal plant are the great source of saving life, proding drugs for majority of population. They are very important to cure any ailment or disease. The various chemical constituent shows different kind of pharmacological action. It is very important to know its relation with chemical constituent and their pharmacological action.45 This plant is need to be more studied and should be utilized to formulate new drugs and dosage form for humans. This review will be helpful to future research work on the plant A.mexicana.46
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Received on 02.04.2024 Revised on 21.08.2024 Accepted on 23.10.2024 Published on 18.12.2024 Available online on December 21, 2024 Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2024; 14(4):341-345. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00055 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
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